A Case of identity Essay

Through a correlation of ‘A Case of identity’ and ‘The Stolen Cigar case’ talk about how effective Bret Harte is in mocking Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. There are two types of criminologist story: there is the ‘who dunnit’ thought in which respectable men investigators are called upon in a wide range of unthinkable circumstances, however consistently figure out how to explain the wrongdoing. In this sort, the peruser has a smart thought of who perpetrated the ‘crime’; be that as it may, the characters in the story don’t. The other kind of story is a riddle, where neither peruser nor agents realize who is liable for the wrongdoing; along with the characters, the peruser too is welcome to make sense of the arrangement of occasions. In the Sherlock Holmes stories the attention is on the character of the criminologist himself (Sherlock Holmes) and follows the narrative of him comprehending a puzzle. Sherlock Holmes (S.H) was an incredible figure as he was the absolute first anecdotal criminologist; his accounts were written in the Victorian occasions by the essayist Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The S.H stories have numerous regular highlights. For instance S.H supposedly is very efficient and by the end, his endeavors have finished up in unraveling the puzzle/wrongdoing. This has made it simpler for Bret Harte to spoof Conan Doyle’s style; he utilizes numerous comparative highlights like the regular good old language and furthermore in having Sherlock Holmes or Hemlock Jones (as he is brought in the farce), depicted as an exact, whimsical analyst. In the first story, we are recounted how Miss Mary Sunderland goes to S.H to discover Mr Hosmer Angel-her missing husband who vanished upon the arrival of their wedding. S.H figures out how to discover this man, so revealing the way that it is her progression father in disguise! In the farce; ‘The Stolen Cigar Case’, Hemlock Jones (H.J) blames Watson for taking his stogie case and develops an expound/overstated story to demonstrate his point, just to discover he had lost it! In ‘A Case of Identity’ Watson is the storyteller, who, as he is some what na㠯⠿â ½ve, must have things disclosed to him; this helps the peruser. He attempts to work out S.H’s procedure of derivation, regularly fruitlessly, so S.H clarifies in a direct way through Watson to the peruser. He plays the job of the student and is a fundamental connection among Sherlock and the peruser. As we take a gander at things from Watson’s perspective we can perceive how S.H unwinds the cases and fathoms the wrongdoings. S.H is respected extraordinarily by Watson; moreover perusers likewise come to appreciate him as an example of ratiocination. All through the story, the impression is given that S.H’s past customers have all been individuals high up in the public eye as he had â€Å"a little gift from the lord of Bohemia† as an end-result of Sherlock helping him with a case. He has numerous important assets, a large number of which have been endowments from well off customers of his, for example, his â€Å"snuff-box of gold†. He additionally alludes to comparable cases to the ones he is chipping away at â€Å"You will discover equal cases, in the event that you counsel my file, in Andover in ’77†. This likewise shows he is an accomplished criminologist with an amazing memory and somebody in whom one can have confidence.

Fast Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Inexpensive Food - Essay Example All the more fundamentally, numerous American general wellbeing specialists and policymakers have locked onto these fairly limited cross-sectional and time-arrangement connections so as to elevate strategies to debilitate eating out at drive-thru eateries, to request that drive-through joints modify or dispense with food information sources, for example, trans fats in New York City, and have even requested exceptional zoning guidelines to shield defenseless populaces from the inexpensive food predators. So as to decide the legitimacy of the apparently settled causal relationship, and by suggestion the hypothetical authenticity of the laws and guidelines in this way pushed and actualized, the creators tried the entrenched connection by switching the examination question; all the more explicitly, the new inquiry became whether more eateries cause weight, or do inclinations for more noteworthy food utilization lead to an expansion in eatery thickness (Anderson and Mata, 2007: 1). To put it plainly, is the center wellspring of weight brought about by ruthless cheap food organizations or, rather, by individual or segment inclinations The creators made an examination model that controlled the expenses of eating at an inexpensive food outlet (through an accessibility model where various expenses were related with movement separations) and afterward analyzed the impact on the weight of an American purchaser. Thusly, the exploration configuration looked for an elective clarification for heftiness, that singular inclinations pulled in cheap food outlets instead of inexpensive food outlets going after silly customers, and the discoveries tended rather unequivocally to affirm the creators' distrust with respect to customary way of thinking. The information acquired recommended that the causal connection between the accessibility of... As a starter matter, the creators yielded that â€Å"Well-built up cross-sectional and time-arrangement connections between's normal body weight and eating out have persuaded numerous specialists and policymakers that cafés are a main source of corpulence in the United States† (Anderson and Mata, 2007: 1). This shortsighted examination along these lines holds that the more an American eats out at drive-through joints the more hefty an American will in general become. All the more fundamentally, numerous American general wellbeing specialists and policymakers have hooked onto these somewhat tight cross-sectional and time-arrangement relationships so as to elevate strategies to demoralize eating out at drive-thru eateries, to request that drive-through joints modify or take out food sources of info, for example, trans fats in New York City, and have even requested unique zoning guidelines to shield powerless populaces from the cheap food predators. So as to decide the legitimac y of the apparently settled causal relationship, and by suggestion the hypothetical authenticity of the laws and guidelines thusly supported and actualized, the creators tried the entrenched connection by turning around the examination question; all the more explicitly, the new inquiry became whether â€Å"more eateries cause weight, or do inclinations for more prominent food utilization lead to an expansion in café density?† (Anderson and Mata, 2007: 1). To put it plainly, is the center wellspring of stoutness brought about by savage cheap food organizations or, rather, by individual or segment inclinations? The creators made an exploration model that controlled the expenses of eating at an inexpensive food outlet (through an accessibility model where various expenses were related with movement separations) and afterward analyzed the impact on the weight of an American customer. Along these lines, the exploration configuration looked for an elective clarification for weight , that singular inclinations pulled in inexpensive food outlets as opposed to cheap food outlets going after unreasonable purchasers, and the discoveries tended rather emphatically to affirm the authors’ incredulity with respect to standard way of thinking. The information got recommended that â€Å"the causal connection between the accessibility of eatery nourishments and stoutness is insignificant, best case scenario. Controlling the separation to the closest café utilizing Interstate Highway nearness as an instrument shows that eateries have no noteworthy impact on BMI or overweight status† (Anderson and Matsa, 2007: 24).

Introduction Hacienda Luisita

Presentation Hacienda Luisita was once part of the property of Compania General de Tabacos de Filipinas, Sociedad Anonima, otherwise called Tabacalera, which was established on November 26, 1881 by a Spaniard from Santander, Cantabria and Santiago de Cuba, Don Antonio Lopez y Lopez. He was the primary Marques de Comillas and was well known for being a partner of the principal Spanish Prime Minister with outside blood, the Spanish-Filipino mestizo Don Marcelo Azcarraga y Palmero. His relative on his Spanish side, Ricardo Padilla, wedded Gloria Zobel y Montojo (more youthful stepsister of Mercedes Zobel de Ayala de McMicking, biggest Zobel proprietor in the Ayala gathering of organizations) and was a confidant of Juan de Borbon, Count of Barcelona, father of the present King of Spain, His Majesty DonJuan Carlos de tasks los Santos de Borbon y Borbon-Dos Sicilias. The home was named after Antonio's significant other, Luisa Bru y Lassus. Their child, Claudio Lopez, the second to hold the title , gave a portion of the benefits to the Jesuits to make the Pontifical University of Comillas, a college outside Madrid. Lopez gained the bequest in 1882, a year prior to his demise. Lopez was a budgetary virtuoso who parlayed his work undertakings in Cuba and Latin America into a steamship, organizations and exchanging organizations. He was the most compelling Spanish specialist of his age and checked the Prime Minister and the King of Spain as his close companions. Tabacalera was a private undertaking he established with the sole aim of assuming control over the Philippine Tobacco Monopoly from the Spanish pilgrim government. This incorporated the Hacienda Antonio (named after his oldest child), Hacienda San Fernando and Hacienda Isabel (named after his oldest girl) in Cagayan and Isabela areas where the amazing La Flor de Isabela stogie was developed. Tabacalera’s incorporators were the Sociedad General de Credito Inmobiliario Espanol, Banque de Paris which is currently Paribas and Bank of the Netherlands which is presently ABN-AMRO. The sugar and tobacco in the Philippines were the motivation behind why the Lopez de Comillas family had the option to give such an enormous ecclesiastical college to the Jesuits on showering on their home, the Palacio de Sobrellano in Comillas and the Guell park (structured by Gaudi) in Barcelona. Wear Alfonso Guell y Martos conceived in 1958, the fourth Marquis of Comillas, as of now holds the title. He is likewise the Count of San Pedro de Ruisenada, the third to hold that title. Both are grandee status in Spain and as such can address the King as â€Å"mi primo† or â€Å"my cousin. In spite of what was normal, Spanish-possessed Hacienda Luisita didn't mull when the Americans assumed full responsibility for the Philippine government. Truth be told, Tabacalera overall experienced prosperous occasions on account of the incredible sweet tooth of the Americans. With Cuban sugar insufficient for their residential market, the Americans tapped the Philippines for its sugarcane prerequisites. At a certain point during pre-war Manila times, Hacienda Luisita provided practically 20% of all sugar in the United States. Luisita sugar got well known among Filipino (explicitly Ilocano) exiles in America the same amount of as Victorias sugar was mainstream among Manila’s first class hovers back home. The Americans likewise brought the radial based hardware which multiplied the creation of the home and in this way didn't require the stick to be stacked by truck to Laguna to be crushed in the haciendas there, including those of the Roxas y Zobel families. As this new innovation cleared in Luzon and the sugar factories merged, numerous well off families fell into abandonment or consolidated their assets. A portion of the valiant not many like Honorio Ventura (who paid for Diosdado Macapagal’s tutoring), the De Leons, Urquicos, Lazatins and the Gonzalezes did just that†which is the means by which PASUDECO appeared. Fundamentally, there was little change in the hacienda; Tabacalera y Compania positionedSpanish-Filipino and American-Filipino encargados and administradores to deal with the tremendous home. Like all haciendas and tabacaleras in the Philippines, the Hacienda Luisita kept on working during the Japanese occupation. The Japanese were keen on guaranteeing that items, for example, sugar and rice be made accessible to most of the Filipinos, hence maintaining a strategic distance from any tempers of extra rebellions and guerilla developments. The Spanish-Filipino overseers basically positioned their subordinates, Japanese understudies (who, in the same way as other devastated Chinese settlers from Fujian fled south to the Philippines for a superior life) and Korean stevedores functioning as mechanics in the divergent framework, to the steerage. This kept both the Japanese and the Spanish in great terms as both their inclinations were ensured. In actuality, even before World War II, the Tabacalera had in their finance a decent number of Japanese transient laborers doing unspecialized temp jobs around Hacienda Luisita. (Prior to 1942, the Philippines was a five star state in Asia while Hong Kong and Singapore were poor urban communities; Tokyo and Japan in general was moderately shut from the outside world at that point). At the point when the Japanese Imperial Army walked into the nation, these modest transient laborers became important interpreters and administrators. Related to re-taking the Philippines from the Japanese, on January 25, 1945 General Douglas MacArthur pushed his propelled central command ahead to Hacienda Luisita. During the 1950s, the beginning of the Hukbalahap insubordination drove the Spanish proprietors of Tabacalera to sell Hacienda Luisita and the sugar factory Central Azucarera de Tarlac. Ramon Magsaysay, at that point leader of the Philippines, obstructed the offer of the manor to the excited and well off Lopezes of Iloilo. During those occasions the siblings Fernando Lopez and Eugenio Lopez just as their cousins were one of the wealthiest in the entirety of the Visayas Islands, put something aside for a couple of Chinese Filipino families in Cebu and Leyte, just as the Familias Aliadas de Villegas, Teves, Lopez, y Rodriguez (a family with inceptions from Santander, Galicia, and Asturias; just as China †Teves). Dreading the Lopezes may turn out to be too amazing after previously claiming Meralco, Negros Navigation, Manila Chronicle, ABS-CBN, different haciendas in Western Visayas and afterward the close by PASUMIL consortium in del Carmen, Pampanga that they bought from the Americans, the President offered the property to Jose Cojuangco, nicknamed â€Å"Pepe† through Magsaysay protege and Cojuangco's child in-law, Benigno Aquino. Magsaysay additionally knew the Cojuangcos through his better half, Luz, of the prosperous Banzons, an old Chinese Filipino family. Shockingly, President Ramon Magsaysay kicked the bucket in Mount Manunggal, Cebu in 1957. The deal was culminated in President Carlos P. Garcia’s term, a nearby partner of then Senator Ferdinand Marcos and five years from the day President Magsaysay offered the land. The Jose Cojuangcos were well off in land and bank property and in Philippine pesos. They were not rich in United States dollars which was firmly directed then by the Philippine Central Bank. Indeed, Pepe and his significant other Metring couldn't send Pepe’s more youthful sibling Eduardo Sr. (Danding Cojuangco’s father) to the United States for treatment for the insignificant reality that they couldn't trade their pesos to dollars. Eduardo Sr or Endeng Lalake later passed on of kidney disappointment. The Jose Cojuangcos procured the property in 1958 through a credit from the Government Service Insurance System and a dollar advance from the Manufacturers Trust Company of New York, which was ensured by the Central Bank of the Philippines, with assent from Miguel Cuaderno, its representative. Pepe additionally decreased his stake in the Paniqui Sugar Mills, however he and his cousins despite everything oversaw it in the interest of his auntie, Ysidra Cojuangco, the matron. Hacienda Luisita was the biggest venture he at any point made. With the ink scarcely dry, he delegated not his oldest child Pedro but rather his child in-law Benigno Aquino Jr as head. Pepe and Ninoy presented a practically social government assistance state: let loose prescriptions and check, grants to schools, free training, free food and impartial offers to the gather, free youngster care and nourishment, free internments, a town with lodging reserved for the ranchers, even free gas to the tractoras. Like the Paniqui Sugar Mills, not a solitary workers’ strike was impelled during their organization. Pepe scarcely brought in any cash from the Hacienda Luisita. Understanding that the estimation of the Luisita is in the ranchers who till it, he decided to restore the Filipinos who before were nearly slaves under the Tabacalera. He had the option to support these misfortunes due in part of his other more lucrative interests in the Bank of Commerce and First Manila Management which possessed the Pantranco transports and the Mantrade gathering. As Ferdinand Marcos was chosen for a second term in 1969, the converse happened to Pepe. At Bank of Commerce, where he and his sibling Juan â€Å"Itoy† Cojuangco and nephews Ramon Cojuangco(later of PLDT; child of relative Antonio Cojuangco Sr) and Danding Cojuangco (oldest child of expired sibling Eduardo Cojuangco Sr) each possessed evenhanded stakes, the last three groups arranged an overthrow d’ etat by toppling him from the administration of the said bank. The three didn't need Pedro (Pepe’s first destined) to be bank president which was against the maturing Pepe’s wishes. To maintain a strategic distance from an embarrassment, Pepe Cojuangco sold his residual offers in Bank of Commerce, practically equivalent to 28%, to his family members. Along these lines Pepe lost his one of in the end three helps in sustaining the Hacienda Luisita. As the 1970s sneaked in and following Benigno Aquino Jr detainment on bogus allegations, Pepe’s business domain started to wind down. He couldn't buy new machines and new innovation for the maturing sugar factory that remains in the home as a result of the government’s refusal to Pantranco’s claims for

Core Competence Needed to Provide the Competetive Advantage Essay

Center Competence Needed to Provide the Competetive Advantage - Essay Example Organization Dossier 1). Off late, R&D segment of Sony had falled behind in strides it used to make during the 1960s with such imaginative items as Trinitron and WEGA during the 1990s by utilizing the best in class innovation to be the pioneer of the skyline of purchaser gadgets showcase. With the appearance of computerized innovation, Sony has falled behind the rivals in TV advertise. Change in people’s disposition becomes apparent dissimilar to the 1940s when brand acknowledgment was the significant explanation of Sony’s better deals execution. More youthful age takes buy choice thinking about various elements. Without introducing particular highlights, Sony can't bait the purchasers and extent of introducing such highlights in the computerized condition is very constrained. The Korean contenders Samsung and LG are driving the race for showcase space to Sony in TV advertise. A correlation of the LCD TV market can help in finding the reasons for Sony’s lost ground (Chang 5). Samsung and LG Electronics have been the main makers in the level screen TV advertise in 2010, which incorporates fluid precious stone showcase (LCD) TVs and plasma show board (PDP) TVs. Samsung Electronics caught 18.7% market of the level screen TVs sold overall in2010, the second-in-lead LG had the option to catch 13.1% while Sony could access 10.3% portion of absolute level screen showcase. This situation repeats that Sony is losing ground to its Korean rivals in LCD TV (Asia Pulse standard. 3). Investigating the innovative reasons for Sony’s lingering behind Samsung is the bit of leeway it has from its Motion Adaptive Dimming calculation which spares 20 percent power through the LED brilliance. Similarly, innovation at Samsung is more refined than Sony’s Bravia go. Samsung has aced the main innovations through its R&D in LCD advances. Such highlights as Motion versatile diminishing and edge-lit LED LCD TVs add to the upper hand of Samsung. Let us break down the reason for Sony retreating again from the top situation in the LCD TV advertise. During the 1990s the TV innovation moved from simple to computerized. Sony had contributed colossally on its simple advancements for the WEGA line, which was the main product offering of the time. Utilization of microchips made computerized TVs more like Personal Computers as opposed to simple TVs. That time Samsung had picked up ability in the creation of DRAM and semiconductors and were equipped for presenting LCD TV. By 1996 Sony had taken advances in leading examination on level board show innovations in organization with Tektronix in the U.S. It was the choice of the Sony the executives not to make propels in LCD advancements, which demonstrated expensive. The board at Sony was of the view that PDP and LCD boards were items progressively reasonable to be re-appropriated to outsider for successful flexibly as opposed to delivered in-house. It focused endeavors on creating natural light-emanating shows (OLED) (Chang 6). Sony needed to pay the consequences for its choice later in 2002. Samsung at that point had picked up center competency in the creation of LCD. It was a main maker of level screen PC screens and had the capacity to increase key supplies of plasma. The innovative preferred position of level board show producing lies in making semiconductors than ordinary TVs. Sony made moderate advances towards plasma and LCD sets, and couldn't use from its own creation units. As a result, it needs to rely upon re-appropriated providers to deliver its TVs. The change from

Do you think that we now have science systems that Essays

Do you believe that we currently have science frameworks that Essays Do you imagine that we presently have science frameworks that are to some degree like enormous, complex innovative frameworks? The progress to a higher dependence on mechanical frameworks spoke to a critical change in the turn of events and utilization of innovation and its associations with society, including foundations inside society. The act of science appears probably a portion of the components that portray huge scope, interconnected (complex) frameworks. Given what you have found out about innovative frameworks, clarify how the act of science may be genuinely called a framework (or frameworks) like huge, complex mechanical frameworks. So as to respond to this inquiry, you should distinguish the attributes of these sorts of mechanical frameworks (you should allude to focuses canvassed by Hughes in Chapter 4), alongside their centrality. You are required to utilize models from a scope of advancements/innovative frameworks and science/science frameworks to outline your focuses. This paper ought to be about how researchers and organizationsassociated with science work. You should talk about spread social, political and hierarchical variables, and you additionally ought to think about an assortment of sciences, including at any rate one normal science (material science, cosmology, science, and so on.). Medication and software engineering are not adequate. You papershould not be about any of the accompanying: Normal frameworks that researchers study and how these frameworks are mind boggling or are like innovative frameworks Connections among science and innovation The utilization of science in innovation or the utilization of innovation in science React to the inquiry in a 6-8 page paper. Make certain to exhibit a basic and point by point comprehension of the course material and utilize extra research to help your position. Your book reference doesn't need to be clarified.

An Overview of What to Expect After You Quit Smoking

An Overview of What to Expect After You Quit Smoking August 22, 2019 More in Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Most smokers underestimate smoking cessation the first time they quit smoking. We often think that it is simply a matter of not smoking until we dont miss it anymore, and while abstinence is  certainly mandatory for success, there is much more to it than that. The information below will give you a head start on learning about what is involved when you stop smoking.  Dont fear what is ahead. Stub out your last cigarette and get started. Top 5 Things to Know About After You Quit 1. Your body begins to heal within minutes of your last cigarette. The human body is amazingly resilient, and within just 20 minutes of the last cigarette smoked, physical healing begins. The benefits continue to grow for years  as well.?? 2. Medications you take might be affected by smoking cessation. A number of medications are metabolized more quickly by smokers, so the dose you receive might be higher than it would be for a non-smoker. When you stop smoking, that higher dose could cause trouble, so check in with your doctor before you quit to review any prescription medicines you take.?? 3. Recovery from nicotine addiction is a process, not an event. In other words, discard any preconceived notions you might have about smoking cessation. Relax and adopt the attitude that it takes as long as it takes, which is unique to each person. Give yourself the time and space you need to heal fully. 4. Cravings to smoke are not commands.  Smoking urges are going to surface often early on in smoking cessation and less often later on, when an activity or feeling triggers a response to smoke.??  This is part of recovery from nicotine addiction. Expect it and know that the urge for a cigarette is not a sign that relapse is inevitable. A craving is not a command to smoke.   5. Youre going to feel like youre wearing an ill-fitting suit (made of scratchy wool) for a while.  The act of smoking becomes thoroughly intertwined with everything we do in life, from waking  up in the morning to turning in at night. We used cigarettes to deal with every emotion and event in our lives. When we quit, nothing feels normal, but be patient. Old associations will gradually be replaced with new, healthy connections. Time and practice make the task doable and life normal once again. 8 of the Most Common Symptoms of Nicotine Withdrawal   Nicotine is the addictive substance in cigarettes and is why it can be so hard to stop smoking when youre ready. It affects the mind and the body, so expect to feel withdrawal both physically and emotionally.?? The urge to smoke.  Prepare for the inevitable urges to smoke that happen early on for  all  ex-smokers and youll find you can successfully manage this intense (but temporary) phase of recovery from nicotine addiction. The urge to snack.  Perhaps one of the most common symptoms of nicotine withdrawalâ€"the urge to eatâ€"is due, in part, to chemical changes taking place in the body, along with a psychological need to replace the hand-to-mouth action of smoking. Sleep disturbances.  From insomnia to feelings of lethargy that leave you wanting to spend the whole day in bed, quitting tobacco can throw your normal sleep pattern out of whack. A new cough.  It can be alarming to develop a cough  after  you stop smoking, but it is not uncommon. Take a look at why this happens and how to evaluate whether the cough might be more serious than a symptom of nicotine withdrawal. Constipation.  A common but not often discussed side effect of smoking cessation involves our digestive system. Use the tips in this article to help you manage this uncomfortable symptom of nicotine withdrawal. Stress caused by smoking cessation.  While smoking cessation will eventually allow you to reduce the stress in your life considerably, initially it increases stress. You can minimize the effects of cessation-related stress with these tips. Junkie thinking.  Junkie thinking is that inner voice that tells us its alright to smoke just one cigarette or just for tonight. While it is difficult to manage,  junkie thinking  is a phase that will pass with time, as long as you dont smoke. Feeling dizzy.  Some new ex-smokers feel lightheaded/dizzy when they quit smoking. Learn why this happens and what you can do if you experience this symptom of nicotine withdrawal. Nicotine and Mind Games When nicotine enters the brain from the bloodstream, it docks at receptor sites, which  causes a hormone called dopamine to be released. This chemical reaction creates a rush of good feelings for the smoker. Dopamine is thought to play a major role in the addictive process.?? As smokers, we come to expect this dopamine rush many times a day, and when its removed, our minds will work overtime to try to convince us that what we need to do is light up a cigarette nowâ€"right now. For most new ex-smokers, this inner dialogue is a constant companion for the first several days of smoking cessation. Its not pleasant, but it is normal. If you can distract yourself and refrain from smoking, it will be easier to weather until it eases up and eventually disappears. Healing Doesnt Happen in a Straight Line This is an important piece of information to hold close as you move through the first year of smoking cessation. Nicotine addiction lets go of us in stages, and because much of the healing takes place on a mental level, thoughts can trigger feelings that cause smoking urges to bubble up months into the process.?? We worry that were losing ground with our quit program or that well always miss smoking when this happens, but  neither is true.     Think of the ups and downs youre feeling as a necessary part of the process. A bad day where you miss smoking but dont light up is still moving you forward. With time, your days will be less about missing smoking and more about enjoying the freedom that smoking cessation returns to you. Expect Benefits to Unfold Most smokers expect to feel physically better and have more money in their pockets, but the positive aspects of overcoming addiction will reach into more nooks and crannies of your life than you can probably imagine. Some benefits  will show up soon after quitting, and others will unfold in time.?? Your new smoke-free life will make you wonder why you waited so long to quit. A Word From Verywell The best thing you can do for yourself is to prepare for your smoke-free  journey by learning what lies ahead.  Yes, it  is challenging, but with knowledge and tools to help you manage, smoking cessation is not only doable, it could well become one of the most rewarding experiences of your life.

Project Evaluation Police Officers with Body Cameras - 2200 Words

Project Evaluation: Police Officers with Body Cameras (Essay Sample) Content: Table of contents  TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc453945662" Introduction 2 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc453945663" Thesis statement 3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc453945664" Arguments 3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc453945665" Oppositions 6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc453945666" Rebbuttal 7Conclusion8Work cited10Name:ProfessorCourse:Date:Police Officers with Body CamerasIntroductionBody worn cameras are devices that police use to record the crime scenes and any other happenings that may require attention during their patrols. The use of the body worn cameras has gained ground in the UK, USA and other countries. The main objectives of using the cameras in police operations were to improve their service delivery and give room for proper crime coverage, which would help in criminal cases during justice.The use of police body worn cameras has brought a lot of debate among researchers, policy from the public outweighing its importance. Security department on the other hand have mainta ined their stand on the issue claiming that it is for the benefit of the police and the public at large. Body-worn cameras will help police officials capture criminal cases and protect the public from harassment by these officials. This is aimed at fostering more accountability and transparency on the service delivery to the citizens (Drover and Ariel 80). Although the security department supports their claim on the use of police body cameras on crime investigation and reporting, many studies carried out on the subject raise the concern of effective policies to realize the benefits of police cameras. Several studies have been conducted on the impacts of body cameras on the operations of the police and their reporting of crime scenes. Results from these studies indicate a significant improvement on police operations because of the use of body cameras. This paper sought to outline the benefits of use of police body cameras in improving their operations. The thesis statement of th e paper is Body Cameras should be required to create safety for the police officer on Patrol. It will help in the identification of criminals and aid in their prosecution (Drover and Ariel 82). Both arguments for and counter-arguments against the use of police of body cameras will be stated.Thesis StatementThe thesis statement of the study is that body cameras should be required to create safety for the police officer on patrol. It will help in the identification of criminals and aid in their prosecution.ArgumentsEvidence for coverage of eventsOver the past years, many criminals have escaped justice due to lack of proper evidence on their actions. In most cases, police are blamed for carrying out shoddy investigation and giving of insufficient evidence to the court to prosecute the criminals. To ensure that crime rate is reduced to a significant level, the use of body cameras in police patrol must be enacted to ensure they cover the criminal cases. The use of body cameras shou ld be required by police officers on patrol, because it will help identify criminals and also record and monitor police who enforce the law (Drover and Ariel 83). In addition to provision of evidence on crime scenes, it will also provide evidence on the conduct of the police officers. Police officers are required to conduct themselves morally while carrying out their duties or during patrols. The use of body cameras will help track the behavior of officers. Research on the effect of the body cameras on police service delivery and conduct indicates that the use of cameras have led to a significant reduction on the immoral police behavior. Based on this research, it is possible to conclude that making body camera use a requirement for the police officers will improve their accountability for their actions as well as provision of important information needed for execution of justice on criminals and lawbreakers. Protecting Police Officers from HarassmentPolice officers have most o ften faced hostility and harassment from the public. In some parts of California and Arizona, for instance, the reported cases of police harassment have increased over the past years. The use of body cameras by the police will help in protecting their own lives when they are carrying out their patrols. This is because; the police will be able to show their version of the story when dealing with such cases in point of justice. Videos, which are recorded by body cameras helps in, protect the police officers from any false accusations or misconducts. The use of body cameras is reported to be reducing the cases of police confrontation by the public by a significant margin. They are believed to be very effective in reducing the complaints relating to misconduct of the public and police officers (Drover and Ariel 85). Research shows that people tend to behave better when they are on video hence police officers and the public alike will tend to behave well in the interactions. This will reduce the cases of harassment by a greater margin.Reducing Domestic ViolenceFight against domestic violence has been a serious challenge over the past years. This is due to the high number of dismissed cases due to lack of evidence in the hearing of such cases and thus the complainants choose to drop their cases. To help in the fight of domestic violence in the country, body cameras must be as requirement for the police since it will significantly help in tabling the required evidence in the court of law. As a result, the number pending cases and dropped domestic cases due to lack of evidence will drastically reduce. Studies conducted on the measures to combat domestic violence recommend the use of body cameras in police operations to spur evidence based reports. Accountability and TransparencyThe public, humanitarian bodies and the civil society have questioned accountability and transparency of police officers, over the past years. This has led to mistrust on the police on how they conduct themselves and how they carry their duties. The use of body cameras by the police officers will ensure they are accountable for their actions therefore gaining trust from the concerned parties. A study conducted on the importance of body cameras on transparency of police argues that the police body cameras are very vital in enhancing transparency, accountability of the police. They also instill trust among the members of public on officers (Vigne 82)Reduction of Court Expenses and Increased Proceeding Rates While less study is done on this area, the available sources indicate that the presence of the body cameras helps in providing of undisputable video footages. This significantly helps in increasing the rate of court proceedings. It therefore leads to the reduction in the court expenses due to increased rate of court convictions. Making body cameras a requirement for police officers, will not only reduce the court expenses but also ensure effective time management in relation to handling of such cases. Studies conducted on the effectiveness of body cameras on implementation of court trials and proceeds shows that the use of such cameras has greatly affected the rate of carrying out the proceedings. They recognize the importance of equipping police with body cameras as a way of minimizing court expenses due increasing information availability. They argue that police leadership and evidence based testing are very important for the performance of the police officers. OppositionsLimited privacyPolice body cameras limit the privacy of the police and the public since they record all the events that occur in the course of their duties. Concerns are raised on the effect of body cameras on the privacy of individual parties. Arguments on how to determine when the recordings are classified as public records releasable to the media or for other purposes of reporting even strikes the balance between personal privacy and availability of inf ormation from such recordings. Studies on the consequences of use of body cameras on privacy of the police and the public reveals that most people discredit their use based on the privacy concerns (Vigne 87). Because the public and the police have clearly understand the limits to their rights and privacy, the use of body cameras may not significantly contribute to police and public safety and privacy.Cameras Dont Guarantee Safety of Police The use of body cameras may not guarantee protection to the police officers. This is because the cameras are mainly used for recording events to provide evidence. In some critical situations, the police officers are thrown into dangerous battles with the criminals, which require them to make decisions to save their lives. In such circumstances, cameras may not provide prote...

How Logical Fallacy Invalidates Any Argument

Fallacies are defects that cause an argument to be invalid, unsound, or weak. Logical fallacies can be separated into two general groups: formal and informal. A formal fallacy is a defect which can be identified merely by looking at the logical structure of an argument, rather than at any specific statements. Informal fallacies are defects which can be identified only through an analysis of the actual content of the argument. Formal Fallacies Formal fallacies are found only in deductive arguments with identifiable forms. One of the things which makes them appear reasonable is the fact that they look like and mimic valid logical arguments, but are in fact invalid. Here is an example: Premise: All humans are mammals.Premise: All cats are mammals.Conclusion: All humans are cats. Both premises in this argument are true, but the conclusion is false. The defect is a formal fallacy, and can be demonstrated by reducing the argument to its bare structure: All A are CAll B are CAll A are B It does not matter what A, B, and C stand for. We could replace them with wines, milk, and beverages. The argument would still be invalid for the exact same reason. It can be helpful to reduce an argument to its structure and ignore content in order to see if it is valid. Informal Fallacies Informal fallacies are defects which can be identified only through an analysis of the actual content of the argument, rather than through its structure. Here is an example: Premise: Geological events produce rock.Premise: Rock is a type of music.Conclusion: Geological events produce music. The premises in this argument are true but clearly, the conclusion is false. Is the defect a formal fallacy or an informal fallacy? To see if this is actually a formal fallacy, we have to break it down to its basic structure: A BB CA C This structure is valid. Therefore, the defect cannot be a formal fallacy and must instead be an informal fallacy that is identifiable from the content. When we examine the content, we find that a key term (rock) is being used with two different definitions. Informal fallacies can work in several ways. Some distract the reader from what is really going on. Some, like in the above example, make use of ambiguity to cause confusion. Defective Arguments There are many ways to categorize fallacies. Aristotle was the first to try to systematically describe and categorize them, identifying 13 fallacies divided into two groups. Since then,  many more have been described and the categorization has become more complicated. The categorization used here should prove useful, but it is not the only valid way of organizing fallacies. Fallacies of Grammatical Analogy Arguments with this defect have a structure that is grammatically close to arguments which are valid and make no fallacies. Because of this close similarity, a reader can be distracted into thinking that a bad argument is actually valid. Fallacies of Ambiguity With these fallacies, some sort of ambiguity is introduced either in the premises or in the conclusion itself. This way, an apparently false idea can be made to appear true so long as the reader does not notice the problematic definitions. Examples: Equivocation FallacyNo True Scotsman FallacyQuoting out of ContextFallacies of Relevance These fallacies all make use of premises which are logically irrelevant to the final conclusion. Examples: Ad HominemAppeals to AuthorityAppeals to Emotion and DesireFallacies of Presumption Logical fallacies of presumption arise because the premises already assume what they are supposed to prove. This is invalid because there is no point in trying to prove something you already assume to be true. No one who needs to have something proven to them will accept a premise which already assumes the truth of that idea. Examples: Begging the QuestionComplex QuestionFalse DilemmaFallacies of Weak Induction With this type of fallacy, there may be an apparent logical connection between the premises and the conclusion. However, if that connection is real, then it is too weak to support the conclusion. Examples: Ad Hoc RationalizationOversimplification Exaggeration Sources Barker, Stephen F. Elements of Logic. Hardcover — 1675, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Curti, Gary N. Weblog. Fallacy Files, March 31, 2019.   Edwards, Paul (Editor). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Hardcover, 1st edition, Macmillan/Collier, 1972. Engel, S. Morris. With Good Reason: An Introduction to Informal Fallacies. Sixth Edition, Bedford/St. Martins, March 21, 2014. Hurley, Patrick J. A Concise Introduction to Logic. 12 Edition, Cengage Learning, January 1, 2014. Salmon, Merrilee H. Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking. 6th Edition, Cengage Learning, January 1, 2012. Vos Savant, Marilyn. The Power of Logical Thinking: Easy Lessons in the Art of Reasoning...and Hard Facts About Its Absence in Our Lives. Hardcover, 1st edition, St Martins Press, March 1, 1996.

A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1321 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: A Christmas Carol Essay Did you like this example? Bah Humbug! Yes you got it I am talking about the one and only Ebenezer Scrooge. Which means that this book report must be about the revolutionary story The Christmas Carol. Well you are right my fine fellow very right you are. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens" essay for you Create order We have all heard of Ebenezer Scrooge before. Grumpy old man who has lost all of his christmas spirit. And cares about nothing and none else then his money. Ah yes I know I know does not sound very merry or jolly right? Well thats just it! How does this story lead up to the Christmas cheer we all expect and desire for that my fine fellow you will just have to keep your ears and eyes open and continue reading! Oh goodie you have continued on this wondrous adventure with me! What better way to start off than with the very first chapter. The book starts off with a melancholy begging that is not expected from a story that has Christmas in the title. I am talking about death. The title of Stave 1 is â€Å"Marley’s Dead†. The first sentence was â€Å"Marley is dead: to begin with† â€Å" There no doubt whatever about that† To describe Marley and his death Scrooge used the very popular term â€Å"Old Marley was as dead as a doornail†. Little did poor old Scrooge know that he was gone in the site of the living people. But that really he was roaming around the earth serving all his so called sins that he did while still in life but not being able to go back and fix them. And very little did he know that on that very night he would be paid a visit by Marley’s spirit in itself. Marley’s intention was on the one night he had to be seen by those living once again was to warn Scrooge. About how life after death has been for him on the path that Scrooge himself is on. And last but definitely not least telling Scrooge he still has time to change and escape the future that he was not able to. He also comes to warn him about the 3 Spirits that would come to pay him a visit. Which were the ghost of Christmas past,present, and future. During Stave 1 the ghost of Christmas past played Scrooge a visit. He took Scrooge back to christmas as a child. And one of the most important events took him back to when his sister came to get him from school. In which he realized how bad of an uncle he had been to his nephew Fred. In stave two, Scrooge has already started to want to change his actions. He just has not done so yet. In stave 2 Scrooge is once again visited this time by the ghost of christmas present. The ghost would come to revile many thing of the christmas just a few days away. He was reviled to himself as always melancholy, anti social, and lonely. He also got to experience and see a part of the Cratchit Family he yet to know about. For example he had children. And not just one many. Then he got to meet the youngest of the Cratchits. Tiny Tim, Tiny Tim was the youngest in the family. And had a very serious illness. And was soon expected to die. He also got to see how his nephew’s Fred party would be without him. Once again he was starting to repeal from his prior actions. He got to once again see his family and how they would comment over â€Å"poor old Scrooge†. He also saw the charity worker he had formally rejected and what he was doing to help the people. He also got a cha nce to see the poor people he had earlier on wished death upon (â€Å" then they should die and decrease the surplus population†) and how they were trying to be happy with the little that they had. â€Å" But frankly hey rather die than live there† â€Å" We havent got much but with this it should do.† This shows how all people were just trying to make the best of what they had. And rappelling Scrooge’s actions therefore making him disappointed in himself and they had no idea about it what they were doing and how they were helping Scrooge in his change. In stave three the ghost of Christmas present continue his mission. Which is to show Scrooge what Christmas will be like in a couple of days. And to make him feel guilty. He has laid eyes upon all the poor folk and ask the ghost if they will please be spared. And the ghost hit him back with a taste of his own medicine using what Scrooge himself had said in stave one. Which was â€Å" then they should die and decrease the surplus population†. Those words hit Scrooge very strongly and changed his perspective of being and really made him feel bad about his prior statement. He now had wanted to apologize to all those poor folk who had been very insulted by his prior sayings he no longer knew what to do but hoped that when he once again opened his eyes and wake that he would be able to make up for all his wrong doings. In stave 4 we have started to come to and end. Or starting to see the light at the end of the tunnel. Scrooge awakens once more. And for the last time wakes up to another ghost awaiting him. In this case it was the ghost of Christmas yet to come. The ghost was not really a man of words as the other 2 had certainly been. He just did what was asked of him. Cut to the point and did not mingle whatsoever. He started off by showing Scrooge a dead body that resembles with extreme detail his bedroom and bed. Although he had not wanted to believe the possibilities of that dead body being him. Then the ghost tried to give poor Scrooge another hint with a couple of men standing outside a big what sounded to be office like building saying â€Å" well this funeral ought to be small for which I cant see anyone who would like to attend it†. He still did not want to catch on to the situation. The hint that really gave it away was his old maid stealing all his bed sheets, pillows, curtains et c. He really did not want to face the final straw that would make sure of it being him the body that now lay in the ground motionless. But cold hearted as always. He was brought his most unwanted place his tombstone! Which had said â€Å" Ebenezer Scrooge, Birth date February 7th, Death date December 25†! â€Å" NO NO this is not possible† he pleaded. He laid on his knees asking the ghost for mercy the ghost said nothing. In stave 5 we draw the final slab of the story. Instantly he woke up in happiness and woke up determined to be a better Scrooge. He started doing so by buying the Cratchits a turkey. He donated a lot to Charity. Helped out the poor. And most importantly. Helped save Tiny Tim . To who in Mr.Dickens words â€Å" Became like a second father.† To wrap everything up, I will give my general opinion over the book, ratings and recommendations. My personal opinion is that is turned out to be very nice book with a fantastic moral. And inspiring ways of writing. My Rating for this book grade wise is 7th grade and up. So the students will really be able to understand the message the story is trying to bring to its fellow readers. For age 12+ because once again the students will understand the moral much clearer. Would I recommend this book of course! I would do so because I think in can teach children maral, begins, love, and most of all hope.

Munich Agreement who was the winner Chamberlain or Hitler

Munich Agreement Assignment Who won at Munich, Hitler or Chamberlain? Neville Chamberlain was a realist, he had inherited a policy of appeasement Lord Halifax memoir) from his predecessor Baldwin. His prime motive during his diplomatic meetings with Adolf Hitler was to prevent Britain becoming entangled in a war that she was ill equipped to wage. This he successfully achieved and by defusing a situation through statesmanship he bought valuable time to allow the British forces to re-arm. On becoming Prime Minister in May 1937, Chamberlain’s government was still recovering from the depression. To add to this the empire was being threatened in the east by Japan, and there were many of her Members intent on the path of self†¦show more content†¦The French had signed an agreement with Czechoslovakia to support her in the event of hostilities in 1924, (Franco Czech Treaty).but Prime Minister Daladier visited London in April 28th 1938, although stating publically that â€Å"he had wanted a firm stand from Chamberlain over their support to the Czech government, but had actually been dissuaded by logistic pessimism!† However the day before, privately he had told an agent of the German embassy he hoped the British† would suggest pressure be put on Prague† allowing him to acquiesce. (Butler ra1971p68). Chamberlain had stated in a letter to king George vi (13th September 1938) an agreement was reached with the French supporting a policy of appeasement allowing Hitler to gain control of his Sudeten people. Also in his letter he stated without much detail his understanding that â€Å"Hitler had made his mind up to attack Czechoslovakia and head east, in such a timeframe that it would not be possible for Anglo French intervention†. The British Ambassador to Berlin, Sir Neville Henderson, referred to the Czechoslovakian President, Eduard Benes, as â€Å"pigheaded† and claimed he could become the reason for a second world war. Henderson writing to Lord Halifax from the British embassy in Berlin statedShow MoreRelatedWhy Did Britain and France Accept to the Munich Agreement?2221 Words   |  9 PagesWhy did Britain and France accept to the Munich Agreement? On 29 September 1938, the four leaders of Germany, Italy, Britain and France signed an agreement on the fate of the Sudeten territory in Czechoslovakia, without the Czechoslovak authorities present, which, it would seem at the time, was a guarantee of peace. Such was the premise of the event, but in reality it represented the abandonment of Czechoslovakia (Weinberg, 1988: 165), by France in particular, and the naà ¯ve nature of the foreignRead More Causes of World War II Essay2009 Words   |  9 PagesPacific and thereby launched a program of expansion. But Japan was angered by the peacemakers failure to endorse the principle of the equality of all races. The countries that lost World War I--Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey--were especially dissatisfied with the Peace of Paris. They were stripped of territory, arms and were required to make reparations (payments for war damages). The Treaty of Versailles, which was signed with Germany, punished Germany severely. The GermanRead MoreEvents Leading Up To World War 22067 Words   |  9 PagesPacific and thereby launched a program of expansion. But Japan was angered by the peacemakers failure to endorse the principle of the equality of all races. The countries that lost World War I--Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey--were especially dissatisfied with the Peace of Paris. They were stripped of territory, arms and were required to make reparations (payments for war damages). The Treaty of Versailles, which was signed with Germany, punished Germany severely. The German governmentRead More Appeasement Essay4194 Words   |  17 Pagesfuture war, through whatever means necessary. In the aftermath of World War 1, lay a mutual understanding between the British government and society that never again should a catastrophe such as World War 1 occur, it was described as the war to end all wars reinforcing the view that it was a cataclysmic event which should never be re-enacted upon society. British public became disillusioned with the use of force in international relations and as a result sought an approach consisting of an effectiveRead MoreThe Second World War2302 Words   |  10 PagesSecond World War World War II was one of the greatest struggles humanity has ever seen. This Second World War caused many lives to be lost, damaged personal properties and was expensive, for a great deal of money was required to maintain a country’s military strength. The numbers for those that have passed, been wounded or gone missing during the war could never be calculated precisely; though it has been estimated that more than 55 million lives perished. Many historians have traced the causes ofRead MoreHitler : Man Of Year1762 Words   |  8 PagesHitler: Man of Year, 1938 Francisco Franco, Benito Mussolini, Mao Zedong, Adolf Hitler: these four men are still considered some of the most ruthless dictators of the 20th century. Together they accounted for millions of deaths during their terrible reigns as supreme leader in their respective countries. However, one in this group stands apart from the rest. Only one of these men was named Time Magazine Man of the Year. This very man would be the one and only Adolf Hitler. On January 2, 1939, AdolfRead MoreToday, The Appeasement Policy That Britain And France In1741 Words   |  7 Pagesperiod of German aggression, was one of the main factors historians would consider to have caused the Second World War. Had the British or any of the Allied powers, intervened in Nazi expansionism, the war could have been prevented as early as 1936, when Germany violated the Treaty of Versailles with the occupation of the Rhineland. The Appeasement is seen as the act of cowardice and of poor judgement of the world powers. Br itain, in particular, is in the spotlight. It was still considered the majorRead MoreWorld War I Was A Great Problem1862 Words   |  8 Pagesroad to recovery hard to navigate. The interwar period was unstable and a number of events and circumstances arguably made the Second World War inevitable. Marshal Ferdinand Foch described the interwar years as â€Å"not a peace† but â€Å"an armistice for twenty years† (Paul Reynolds: Memoires: 1963: p.457). The breakdown of economics, the failure of post-war treaties and the rise of Hitler are all events that meant that the outbreak of World War II was almost unpreventable and the interwar years were simply

Leadership Theory And The Main Methods Of Leadership

Leadership is an often misunderstood concept. Many people confuse management and leadership, classifying them as being the same. While a leader can be a manager and a manager can be a leader, they are often two separate things. There are four main components of leadership that we will discuss and there are many different ways to view and examine leadership with theory and maxim being the main methods. As many people point out, leadership is a complex topic to discuss. Leadership can mean many different things to different people. Leadership can be a combination of something a person is born with as well as something that someone acquires. On a very basic level, leadership can be defined as a process that involves influence, occurs†¦show more content†¦As with anything in life, one person’s view of something isn’t a very good judge. It takes many views and research to back it up. Leadership theories are a variety of explanations with scientific data to back up those explanations. Theories are used in many different aspects of the world because they are reliable. The difference between maxims and theories is the proof that backs up the explanations. When reviewing leadership it will be most effective to use theories so as to have supporting scientific documentation. There seems to be little usefulness with maxims, particularly when evaluating leadership. When evaluating leadership, theory will be the most important method of analysis. Forming a theory on leadership is providing explanations as well as scientific data to back it up. On example of a leadership theory will be trait theories. â€Å"Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders.† (Cherry, 2014) Trait Theories are theories that have been researched and there is scientific data to support trait theories. â€Å"Throughout the years, researchers have identified a multitude of traits that are associated with leadership.† (Northouse, 2015) When reviewing leadership, there are four main components and they include: being a process, involving influence, occurring in a group, and involving goal attainment. (Introduction to Leadership,

The Start of the Contamination in Man’s Environment Free Essays

In the late 1960s to 1970s, Americans realized that industry was doing serious damage to air, water, and the earth itself, the most essential natural resources. The whole awareness of the damage being done to the environment stemmed out from the energy crisis of the 1970s. The energy crisis was a ‘slap-in-the-face’ for America. We will write a custom essay sample on The Start of the Contamination in Man’s Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now They needed to realize the harm that was being done to the natural resources and their decreasing availability as a result. With the decreasing availability and increasing prices of oil, new energy sources had to be discovered. Although scientists found nuclear power to be a clean, cheap, and unlimited source of power at first, the environmentalists fought to minimize its usage for fear of nuclear meltdowns, which could spread nuclear waste. Alternative energy sources were possible, and what appeared to be the most effective were tidal energy and solar energy. These environmentally safe methods of harnessing energy were just what the environmentalists had aimed for, and a new movement had been started – environmentalism. If you read this circle it. The environmentalists also tried to advocate the conservation of energy, so that the cleaner but less effective ways could be manipulated to produce more energy. Despite many efforts to keep the environment clean, some 200 million tons of pollutants were filling the air each year, and clean air in many cities had been replaced by smog. The earth, air, and water were deteriorating as construction of highways, malls, and housing developments caused the destruction of fertile, irreplaceable farmland. Disposal of wastes was another dilemma to be dealt with. Burning could release poisonous gases into the air, and burial could cause harmful decay. By the mid-1960s, people began to really realize the need to conserve the nation’s resources. Much credit for arousing public concern belonged to Rachel Carson for her book Silent Spring. This book warned of the central problem of our age being the contamination of man’s environment. During the next few years, growing numbers of ecologists, biologists, and other scientists showed their concern about the reckless abuse of the environment. In 1970, Congress created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which helped set laws regulating use of pesticides, insecticides, and other potentially dangerous sprays. They protected endangered wildlife, and ordered that car manufacturers had to provide pollution control devices on exhausts of their vehicles. New waste disposal and sewage treatment plants were being built to prevent further pollution of the land and water and to clean up the rivers and lakes. Government also regulated unsightly junkyards and dumps to restore the natural beauty of the countryside. Federal government set aside more areas as national parks, not to be tampered with, and considerable progress had been made in the management and conservation of America’s forests, soil, and water. However, many people felt that it was not necessary for the government to take all this action. President Reagan gave in and allowed the search for minerals on federal lands and oil exploration off the coast of California, which some felt was very risky, because of the chance of an oil spill, which would devastate all ocean life in the area. Environmental decisions were important in the sixties era, as many other nations followed them with concern. With the world’s population increasing so rapidly, the earth’s natural resources will be heavily taxed, and many people, the environmentalists, believed that resource conservation was extremely important in maintaining the living conditions of the world population. How to cite The Start of the Contamination in Man’s Environment, Essay examples

Philosophy 101 Study Guide free essay sample

When: Thursday, the 26th Day of September, 2013, 3:00pm – 4:15pm Where: The same location our class normally meets What to bring: Your ASU Student ID, for when you hand in your exam An Exam book (blue book or green book) available at the bookstore A Scan-tron form (bubble-in forms) available at the bookstore TWO number 2 pencils for filling in the scantron form A blue or black ink pen (optional – pencil ok), for your exam book. I will not have extras available. If you forget yours, you’ll have to rely on the kindness of your peers or else run to the bookstore to buy some, losing you valuable time. If you bring extras for your peers, they will be supremely grateful. Structure of the Exam The exam will consist of: †¢60 multiple choice questions (for Scantron form) †¢Worth 4 points each †¢240 points total †¢questions limited to topics covered on this study guide †¢1 essay question (for exam book) †¢worth 60 points total †¢questions will be broad and comprehensive for Unit 1. †¢Answer should be 4-5 paragraphs Study Guide Warranty IF: you fill out this study guide completely based on your notes, the readings, and the lectures, making a recognizably serious attempt to put in relevant and correct information, and you turn in the completed study guide prior to the exam, either †¢as a MS Word attachment sent by e-mail to [emailprotected], with the subject line â€Å"PHI 101 STUDY GUIDE WARRANTY†, or †¢as a paper copy turned in to the SHPRS office on the 4th floor of Coor hall, time-stamped and clearly marked on the top page â€Å"Jeff Watson, Phi 101†, or †¢as a paper copy turned in on the day of the exam prior to picking up your exam. and you take the quiz and answer all 60 of the multiple-choice true/false questions. THEN:  On the multiple-choice section of the exam, you will receive at least 173 out of 240 points (72%, equivalent to a B-/C+). †¢If you receive fewer than 173 points on the multiple-choice section, and you turned in the completed study guide, then contact me after the exam, and I will automatically raise your grade on the multiple-choice section to 173 points. †¢No warranties are here given for the essay portion of the exam. †¢If you don’t take advantage of this warranty, and you get less than 173 points, no excuses or complaints. STUDY GUIDE FOR MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS From Solomon’s Little Philosophy Book: Chapter 1 What did the followers of Confucius teach? How did Confucius’s virtues differ from Socrates? Socrates emphasized the importance of the individual soul, however; Confucius insisted that what was most important in life were one’s relationships with other people. Confucius wanted to live life the right way by being honorable and faithful while Socrates believed living life the right way had to do with looking after the good of one’s own soul. Confucius teaches that one follows the dao by being respectful of the customs of one’s society, by being deferential to one’s parents, and by being a good citizen. What did the Daoists teach? How did they differ from the Confucians? Daoists act â€Å"more towards nature† rather than relating with social proprieties. They liked living naturally and a simple and respectful life. Daoist teachings aren’t teachers but rather paths that guide people to finding their true natural selves. What did Buddhism teach about the self? The Buddha taught that not only individuality but the universe as a whole was something of an illusion. Focuses less on individual self and more on living in harmony with the larger spiritual world, like Daoism. Who were Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle? How did they know each other? They were all early philosophers, Socrates wrote nothing down; Plato his prized student wrote down everything and that’s how we know about it/him and Aristotle was Plato’s student. Chapter 4 What’s the difference between local skepticism and global skepticism? Local skepticism is the view that one can not possess knowledge in some particular domain. Global skepticism is the view that one can not know anything at all. Why did Descartes insist that we begin by doubting everything we thought we knew? His aim was to use this method of doubting everything you know to discover what we actually do know for certain. So we can prove them. What did Hume argue we cannot prove about our experiences and the real world? Hume argues that we cannot prove that there is a real world outside our experience, much less that our experience is an accurate representation of that world. He says we need to get outside our experience to see whether it does fairly represent the world, however, its near impossible to do that. What did Hume believe about the laws of nature? Hume states that hoe do we know that the laws of nature tomorrow will be the same as the ones today, we only have the past to rely on which doesn’t say much about the future. We cannot prove the laws of nature and their existence. What does Solomon think is the â€Å"healthy† kind of skepticism? It means not simply taking at face value what other people tell you or simply accepting â€Å"common sense† without thinking about it on your own. You are able to think it out for yourself and figure out where your beliefs come from and how you would back them up. Plato’s Apology (‘the Trial of Socrates’) What happened in the Apology? Socrates is charged for not regarding the gods correctly, creating new deities and corrupting the youth of Athens, so he makes this speech the ‘Apology’ to defend himself. How did Socrates defend himself against Meletus? He makes Meletus feel like a fool and makes him question everything he says. How did he interpret the words of the Oracle at Delphi? He used the notion that the oracle told him that no one was smarter than him to go an interrogate everyone, and be a nuisance to the people. He took it as a riddle, he knew he had no wisdom and gods didn’t lie. What punishment did he offer to accept? He is sentenced to death. Locke’s Essay ‘On Enthusiasm’ What is â€Å"enthusiasm†? Enthusiasm is a vain and unfounded confidence in divine favor or communication, Locke strongly rejects it. What’s the unerring mark of the lover of truth for truth’s sake? One unerring mark of the love of truth is not entertaining any proposition with greater assurance than the proofs it is built upon will warrant. Not entertaining any proposition with greater assurance than the proofs it is built upon will warrant. Assuming an authority to dictate the opinions of others is a sign of what? The assuming an authority of dictating to others, and a forwardness to prescribe to their opinions, is a constant concomitant of this bias and corruption of our own judgements. How does evidence for something’s rectitude (or truth) relate to the strength of our persuasions about it? The strength of our persuasions is no evidence at all of their own rectitude: crooked things may be as stiff and inflexible as straight: and men may be as positive and peremptory in error as in truth. Only have strength in your own persuasion. How should our degree of belief relate to the evidence? Our degree of belief guides us to all answers, it’s our greatest form of persuasion and our biggest evidence. Why does Locke think his opponents’ arguments are circular? It is a revelation because they firmly believe it, and they believe it because it is a revelation. Based on Locke’s view, what’s the best way to develop a character that allows others the freedom to hold their own opinions? Guide to Philosophical Argument (the Standard View†¦): What is and isn’t a representation? A picture of you may be a representation of you, but it’s not you. It’s how someone or yourself can view you. But you can always misinterpret a representation What’s a proposition? Propositions are representations of the world which are in some sense language-independent. What makes a proposition true or false is whether the proposition corresponds to a fact. If it corresponds it’s true, if not, no. What is a fact? What is an opinion? Facts are things which we know for certain (however there can be facts about things people don’t even know) and opinions are things which we don’t really know, and we have a thought or suggestion about it. What’s the difference between being vague, ambiguous, and relative? Something can be vague but not ambiguous, or vice versa. Bat is ambiguous but not vague. And relativism: A theory, especially in ethics or aesthetics, that conceptions of truth and moral values are not absolute but are relative to the persons or groups holding them. What sorts of things might make a relative truth true? There is no truth, everything is a matter of opinion. However, if all the facts are true then it might be true. What’s the difference between sense and reference? The sense of the word is the concept the word expresses and the what the word refers to is the object, entity or property in the world that it stands for. Mammal- sense of the word animals with mammary glands and whatnot, reference whales, lions and tigers for example. How could a word have no referent? Like the word unicorn, there’s a sense of it; a horse with a horn on it’s head. But its mythical and doesn’t exist so there are no unicorns which leave it with no reference. How could a word have no sense? Then there’s a word like love, everyone has a different sense of love so there’s no one universal sense to it. How would two words have different senses but the same referent? President of America, refers to Barack Obama but could refer to someone else in 4 years. Why are all opinions either true or false? Opinions are beliefs about what facts are, so one person’s beliefs may end up to be true and one’s may not. If I have so much evidence that I must believe something, why could it still be false? I can think I can fly by just flapping my arms, but there are rules of gravity that allow me not to fly, so it’s difficult to believe it’s true. How would you recognize an inductive argument? Inductive arguments start with a series of particular truths about individual instances, and draw a general conclusion about a large group of instances. How would you recognize a deductive argument? Deductive arguments can start with â€Å"Ifthen†¦Ã¢â‚¬  statements, or â€Å"either†¦.or†¦Ã¢â‚¬  statements, and lastly Reductio arguments which involve believing something, then finding a contradiction in the belief and then proving it false. How would you recognize an abductive argument? Abductive arguments are weak, all they prove is that there is a plausible working hypothesis, not that it’s true or false. What’s the difference between logical necessity/possibility, epistemic necessity/possibility, and natural (or ‘nomic’) necessity/possibility. Logical possibility is the broadest sense of ‘possible’, its a scenario which contains no contradictions. Logical necessity means that every possible way the world could be is one in which the proposition is true (all cats are cats). Epistemic possibility, given the evidence I have, something is probably highly unlikely to be true (pigs can fly). Natural possibility, something might be logically possible but contradict with one of the laws of nature. (flyings example but violates law of gravity). What’s it mean for an argument to be valid? An argument is valid when, and only when, there is no logical possibility of the premises being true and the conclusion being false. How would you recognize a valid argument? A valid argument says the it must be logically impossible for the conclusion to be false if the premises are true. (All dogs are mammals, Old Yeller is a dog, Old Yeller is a mammal.) What’s it mean for an argument to be sound? All the premises are true, and the argument is valid. What is the doctrine of recollection? It’s the idea that we are born possessing all knowledge and our realization of that knowledge is contingent on our discovery of it. Our soul once knew everything and forgot it, so we are recollecting all the knowledge. What’s Socrates’s argument for the doctrine of recollection? Socrates’s conclusion: the soul is immortal, because the truth of all things has always existed in the soul. What does Socrates think the boy’s knowledge of geometry shows? That he had the previous knowledge already, a priori knowledge. Why does Socrates argue that Meno’s boy slave has a priori knowledge? Because when he tested him on geometry, the slave was able to get the correct answer because he already had the knowledge in him, he just had to recollect it. Socrates holds that a priori knowledge comes from where? Plato is a(n): empiricistrationalist idealist? From Descartes’s Meditations 1st meditation: Meditator looks back on all the falsehoods and realizes he could have doubted everything, he starts to doubt all the foundations and big things. Ends up realizing even simple things can be doubted. Why did Descartes begin his process of doubting the existence of the external  world? However, his purpose wasn’t to achieve tranquility, but to reveal the foundations of knowledge.It was not because he really didn’t believe we could know anything. It was because he wanted to know what ultimately, at the bottom level, justified all of our other beliefs. Which 3 arguments does Descartes offer to get himself to doubt? 1. My senses have deceived me. (mirages, etc.) 2. I could be dreaming this all up (very complicated dream). 3. God or an evil demon are making us doubt everything and not fully believe it. Why doesn’t the deceitfulness of his senses give Descartes reason to doubt everything? Only made him a local skeptic, not a global skeptic, dealt with small matters. What never changes in Descartes’s dreams? Arithmetic and geometry never change. 2nd meditation: The meditator doubts ‘I’ and if he even exists. Uses the wax experiment, knows the wax exists and studies its being. He uses it as a comparison to himself and realizes happily that he does indeed exist and that his mind is better known than his body, and that all clear and distinct perceptions come by means of the intellect alone, and not the senses or the imagination. What is the one thing that Descartes can’t doubt? Can he doubt his existence. How does Descartes know that he exists? He knows he’s having thoughts, and he’s capable of thinking, and something is doing the thinking. (wax experiment). According to Descartes, what is he? A thinking thing (immaterial soul). 3rd meditation: Proof of god being a perfect being. Why does Descartes think that an infinitely perfect God must exist? Because the universe couldn’t have come from nothing, something had to create it and he’s obviously not powerful enough to. 4th meditation: Descartes is now certain of god’s existence and questions his motives. God must be responsible for his judgement, but the Mediator doesn’t think himself as a supreme being like God. If god is a perfect being, he should be able to create perfect beings. But he now looks at God as a whole to see his perfection. How does Descartes use God’s existence as a foundation for all other knowledge? He uses it to see if God created everything perfectly and if God is the one who controls everything. And God created the perfect universe. What is foundationalism? Why does Descartes hold to it? In philosophy, foundationalism is an epistemological theory which holds that basic beliefs exist and are the foundation for all other justified beliefs. The theory rests on the assumption that beliefs must be justified by other beliefs. Even if his beliefs about the external world were false, his beliefs about what he was experiencing were still indubitably true, even if those perceptions do not relate to anything in the world 5th meditation: â€Å"The essence of material things, and considering the existence of God for a second time†. Clear and distinct perceptions are always convincing, according to the Meditator. He sets out to create an analogy between triangles and pythagorean theorem and God, saying he can prove its existence. Why does Descartes think that the most perfect being conceivable can’t fail to exist? The most perfect being has to exist because something had to have created the perfect universe. Has to prove that his sense are real and the external world exists. Descartes is a(n): empiricistrationalist idealist? Lecture on Epistemology: If you know that p, then what follows? Then p must be true; you must believe p; you must be justified in believing p; your justification must have some sort of explanation (can’t just be luck). What does â€Å"justification† mean, and what is its relationship to knowledge? A justified belief is one you rationally ought to hold, given the evidence that you have. You can’t claim to know that you are going to get a job if you don’t have the evidence for it that warrants you in believing it. What are the three types of experiences which can justify beliefs about the external world? Three types of empirical justifications: perception, memory and testimony. What is a priori justification? Its a rational justification which means â€Å"rational intuition† or â€Å"pure reason†. What’s a rationalist believe about knowledge? Who were the rationalists? Essentially, rationalists believe that (some) knowledge can be acquired through reason alone or, to put it another way, you can come to know about the world by thinking about it. Thinking about the world logically allows you to construct a complete system or entire set of rules that explain everything. Rationalists tended to believe that knowledge is a bit like maths and that, by thinking clearly enough about things, you can come to know everything without ever having to actually look at the world. As a result rationalists believed in a priori knowledge, knowledge that comes before experience. Descartes was a rationalist. What’s an empiricist believe about knowledge? Who are the empiricists? Both groups believe in the importance of reason and both groups contain scientists but empiricists believe that reason alone is not enough and that you need to provide your reason with material to work on †¦ which you can only acquire through your senses. As such, for the empiricists, perception is the source of all knowledge and reason just works on the evidence or perception that perception provides., empiricists to believe that all knowledge was more like science and that things could only be known a posteriori, i.e. after or through experience. As such, in order to find out about the world you have to conduct a series of experiments on it and then use reason to work out what those results mean. John Locke was an empiricist. From Locke’s ‘Knowledge through Experience’ Where does Locke believe that all of the materials of reason, and all knowledge, come from? For Locke, all knowledge comes exclusively through experience. He argues that at birth the mind is a tabula rasa, or blank slate, that humans fill with ideas as they experience the world through the five senses. Locke defines knowledge as the connection and agreement, or disagreement and repugnancy, of the ideas humans form. Does Locke believe in innate ideas? Why or why not? Locke argued that the mind is in fact devoid of all knowledge or ideas at birth; it is a blank sheet or tabula rasa. He argued that all our ideas are constructed in the mind via a process of constant composition and decomposition of the input that we receive through our senses. Locke is a(n): empiricistrationalist idealist? Hume’s ‘Experience and the Limits of Human Reason’ Can we trust that the future will resemble the past? Why or why not? We cannot justify our assumptions about the future based on past experience unless there is a law that the future will always resemble the past. No such law exists. We can deny the relationship without contradiction and we cannot justify it with experience. Therefore, we have no rational support for believing in causation. What is the origin of our ideas? We construct ideas from simple impressions in three ways: resemblance, contiguity, and cause and effect. How are ideas distinct from impressions? Hume begins by noting that the perceptions of memory, imagination, etc., are never as forceful or vivacious as our first-hand perceptions of the real world. Impressions: These are the lively, first-hand perceptions, either of something external (e.g., sensation) or internal (e.g., emotion, desiring, willing). Ideas: These are the less forceful, less lively perceptions, which occur when we reflect on previous impressions (e.g., via the memory, imagination, etc.). †¢ Where do we get the idea of causation, according to Hume? Hume claims that causation is a habit of association, a belief that is unfounded and meaningless. He notes that when we repeatedly observe one event following another, our assumption that we are witnessing cause and effect seems logical to us. What does â€Å"C causes E† mean, on Hume’s account? Cause and Effect. Fire causes heat. etc. Hume is is a(n): empiricistrationalist idealist? Berkeley: What did Berkeley believe about the real world and the world of experiences? They hold instead the mechanistic world view, which denies that the world is as we perceive it, and insists that the physical world is composed of entities possessing only the primary properties of extension. All of the  secondary properties we perceive physical objects as having, in reality exist only in our perceptions, not in the objects themselves. Berkeley is a(n): empiricistrationalist idealist? Kant According to Kant, what ‘world’ can we know, and what world can’t we know? We can be said to know things about the world, then, not because we somehow step outside of our minds to compare what we experience with some reality outside of it, but rather because the world we know is always already organized according to a certain fixed (innate) pattern that is the mind, the rationalists are right in saying that we can know about things in the world with certainty; and the empiricists are right in saying that such knowledge cannot be limited merely to truths by definition nor can it be provided by experience. What does Kant mean by â€Å"phenomena?† Kant theorizes that the human mind is restricted to the logical world and thus can only interpret and understand occurrences according to their physical appearances. He wrote that humans could infer only as much as their senses allowed, but not experience the actual object itself. According to Kant, how do we have knowledge of a priori truths? According to Kant, a priori knowledge is based on the form of all possible experience. Kant thinks that a priori knowledge, in its pure form, that is without the admixture of any empirical content, is knowledge limited to the deduction of the conditions of possible experience.

COSO Framework for an Organization Free Samples for Students

Questions: Consider the COSO Framework. Write an Internal environment that you are Familiar with and complete the COSO Framework for this Environment as outlined below. 1.State the control objectives. 2.. Identify the risk sources. 3.. Perform a risk assessment 4. Develop a risk response 5. Determine the control activities 6. Provide a method of informing and communicating the results 7.Discuss the process that is used for monitoring the information Answers: 1.Control objectives Credit should be extended to credit worthy customers. Goods should not be dispatched without an invoice being raised. Overdue accounts should be promptly followed up. Receipt from cash sales should be properly controlled. No unauthorized credit entries should be made to debtors account balances. 2.Risk sources Goods being dispatched without being involved Goods being sold to a bad credit risk Sales being invoiced but not recorded Doubtful debts 3.Risk assessment The risks involved in internal control system over sales and debtors are assessed on a residual basis and an inherent basis. The process involves determining the likelihood and impact of the risks above on the organization. Various tools such as Qualitative risk analysis, maximum loss estimation and fault tree estimation are used in determining the impact of the risks. After the risk assessment process, the risks are then prioritized in accordance to their risk rating. 4.Risk response After the risks facing the internal control system over sales and debtors have been assessed and prioritized, the best risk response is formulated. These responses include avoidance, acceptance, sharing or reduction. Some of the risks such as selling of the goods to a bad credit risk are avoided by not dealing with such customer. However, not all risks can be avoided and therefore risks such as doubtful debts can be dealt with by transferring them to a factoring company. 5.The control activities Customers are approved before a credit facility is granted. The credit limit granted is formally authorized after seeking references on the customers ability to pay. Such references are normally provided by banks suppliers and credit reference bureaus. Customers are approved for sales only when the customers credit limit has not been exceeded. The sales personnel ensure that they have up to date records of customers outstanding balances. Goods only be dispatched against a valid and an authorized sales order. All dispatches of goods and return inwards are accurately recorded All dispatches are involved. This can be achieved by checking copies of the sales order to the dispatch records the use of sequentially numbered documents would ensure that all sales are invoiced. Invoices and credit notes are accurately prepared from approved price list and all discounts or price deduction are properly approved. Price list and all trade discounts and price deduction are properly authorized. Creditors notes and other adjustments are prepared against authorized return inwards or other appropriate documents. To prevent fraud, there are proper segregation of duties such that the person who authorizes a sale is not able to authorize the issue of a credit note or other adjustments. All bad debts written off are properly authorized and recorded. Persons involved with original authorization of sales and granting credit to customers should not be involved in the authorization of bad debts write offs. Stocks records are accurately updated with all sales and sales returns All transactions are accurately posted to the ledger Sales ledger balances are regularly reconciled to sales ledger control balances to ensure completeness and accuracy of the ledger. Sales ledger balances are periodically aged and reviewed by the credit control staff. Overdue accounts are identified and followed up for collection. 6.A method of informing and communicating the results The information pertaining to the risks is disseminated through several ways including: risk reports, newsletters, notice boards, internal audit reports, electronic mail and internet websites to the appropriate personnel in the organization. 7.The process that is used for monitoring the information The entire process is monitored is closely monitored through ongoing management processes and separate evaluations. Tools used in monitoring of the risks include: Internal audit, Risk reporting, Risk register, Creation of the risk management department and Risk policies, governance and procedures.

Teaching Philosophy Sample Essay

Teaching Philosophy Sample EssayTeaching Philosophy Sample Essay is a copywriting project that promotes a desired message of someone else. This is an online writing to improve the skills and knowledge of a specific group of people, who could become a main target market.An Online Marketing Specialist from USA has written a very informative article in this form about the Teaching Philosophy Sample Essay that would prove to be very helpful for students. You can definitely not afford to miss the benefits of this tutorial as this will definitely aid in enhancing your level of communication with your readers. It will also help you avoid some of the common mistakes that other writer use when writing a teaching essay.If you are not really good at writing it will not hurt to study on your own on course level and at your own time if you feel it is the best way to learn the craft of writing on the subject. But most people have written essays that need proper editing, proofreading and printing.O nline Essay Writing Classes is available from various sources including colleges, universities, and academies. Most of them offer small classes to the students who are interested in these courses, which also offer research assistance to the students.Most of these courses are usually designed with the assistance of a professor who is a former student of yours, and in these courses you will learn techniques and strategies to prevent plagiarism checker. A plagiarism checker is a software program that checks the content of the dissertation for plagiarism.The software will make a check on the academic record of the student who can lead to a long term loss of reputation. However, plagiarism can be prevented by employing the right strategies, which include checking all references, using spell checker, removing extra spaces from text, and checking the grammar and punctuation.The Teaching Philosophy Sample Essay can be written easily and without any errors. A student does not need to be a ro cket scientist to put all the pieces together, because there are many learning resources available on the internet. Also, there are lots of plagiarism checker tools available on the net.

Volkswagen, Toyota, Nissan and Honda

Volkswagen, Toyota, Nissan and Honda The automotive industry produces and sells motor vehicles, which are goods. It is one of the highest revenue generating industries in the world.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Volkswagen, Toyota, Nissan and Honda specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Approximately 80.1 million cars were produced in 2011. The major industry players are Volkswagen, Toyota, Nissan and Honda. (OICA, 2012) Company background Audi is an automobile manufacturer based in Germany; it manufactures a wide range of vehicles. Volkswagen AG as a subsidiary owns Audi as a brand. The four rings in the Audis symbol represent the 1932 amalgamation of the four brands that formed the Auto-union AG. The four brands were The Saxon brands of Audi and Horch from Zwickau, Wanderer from Chemnitz and DKW from Zschopau (Audi, 2012). Toyota Motor Corporation is the manufacturer of Toyota Land cruiser S.U.V. Toyota has its headquarters in Toyota city, Aichi, Japan. Toyota deals in the automotive, robotics and financial services industries. It is the largest automaker in the industry. Toyota was founded in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda, and has grown on since the production of AA Sedan in 1936 to become the largest car manufacture in the world (Toyota, 2012). Product overview The sports utility vehicles are vehicles build on light truck chassis and are accompanied by a four-wheel drive for on and off road use.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Toyota land cruiser is a vehicle designed to meet off road needs and urban roads. It is also luxurious vehicles. This is evident as, it has a V8 engine, which enables it to have off-road capabilities. In addition, it is luxurious and can carry up to eight passengers. It has a $77,955 price tag (Toyota, 2012). Audi S.U.V A6 all road is a vehicle that is luxurious, and gives an off-road experienc e too, it is cheaper compared to the Toyota land cruiser S.U.V. Is offers more fuel economy as compared to the land cruiser as it has a $70,000 price tag (Audi, 2012) Strategic marketing Strategic marketing is the use of a company’s strategic plans to market its products. It entails the company to identifying areas where a firm has a sustainable competitive edge over the other firms in the market and it use them as their marketing strategy. (Procto, 2000) Macro environmental forces These environmental forces are outside the organization. They affect industries as wells as individual organizations. The organization has little or no control over these forces. They include the following among others: politics, economics, social cultural factors, technology, Environment and the legal frameworks (Pride Farrell 2012). Micro environmental forces Microenvironment is the organizational environment. It comprises of the internalities of the organization that is the forces the organizat ion has some control over. They include among others, employees, Trade unions, local community, suppliers and customers (Pride Farrell 2012). SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is the analysis of strengths, weaknesses opportunities and threats a firm is facing. It involves looking at factors that are both within as well as outside the firm.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Volkswagen, Toyota, Nissan and Honda specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Strengths and weaknesses are factors that affect the organizations internal environment, while opportunities and threats affect the organizations external environment. An analysis of these factors is very important in formulating corporate strategic plan and the marketing and positioning plan for a product (Procto, 2000). Market segmentation Market segmentation is the subdividing of the market into distinct subsets of customers who are relatively homogeneous so that specific marketing mix strategies can be developed to secure each market (Pride Farrell 2012). Target markets Target markets are the markets in which a firm wants to sell its goods and services. The firm chooses the market segments it wants to operate in according to its abilities. This should be based on their current use, their potential for future growth, and competitors’ strengths (Procto, 2000). Positioning strategy Positioning is the process by which a company establishes an image of its products in the minds of the customer relative to the image of the competitors’ product offering. Positioning strategy are the strategies that the firm is using to position itself in the minds of their consumers (Procto, 2000).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Toyota S.U.V cruiser and Audi S.U.V A6 are positioned as premium class vehicles. They are sold to the upper end markets, where consumers want luxurious cars for off and on road use. Recommendations This is the section where the recommendations about the report recorded. In the recommendation section, the writer makes his recommendations based on the facts preset in the report. The recommendations give suggestion on possible solutions to what the report seeks to achieve (Bentley 2003). References Audi Worldwide Home. (n.d.). Audi of America Luxury Has Progressed . Retrieved from https://www.audi.com/en.html Bentley, T. J. (2003). Report writing in business: the effective communication of information (Repr. ed.). London: Elsevier. OICA. (n.d.). OICA . Retrieved from oica.net/ Pride, W. M., Ferrell, O. C. (2012). Marketing (2012 ed.). Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Proctor, T. (2000). Strategic Marketing An Introduction.. New York: Routledge. Toyota Motor Corporation g lobal website. (n.d.). Toyota Motor Corporation global